by Marco Tempest
a Swiss magician who lives in New York City. He is known for his multimedia magic and use of interactive technology and computer graphics in his presentations.He stars in the eight part television series “The Virtual Magician,” which has been broadcast in over 50 countries.
Preview the vocabulary below, and then do the exercise by first reading a single question and then listening for the answer. When you hear the answer, pause the video and answer the question. Then read the next question and do the same thing.
an American singer-songwriter and actor who was among the most beloved entertainers of his time. He wrote over 200 songs in his career. This song is from his 1971 album entitled Poems, Prayers and Promises.
Sunshine on my shoulders makes me happy
Sunshine in my eyes can make me cry
Sunshine on the water looks so lovely
Sunshine almost always makes me high
If I had a day that I could give you
I’d give to you a day just like today
If I had a song that I could sing for you
I’d sing a song to make you feel this way
Sunshine on my shoulders makes me happy
Sunshine in my eyes can make me cry
Sunshine on the water looks so lovely
Sunshine almost always makes me high
If I had a tale that I could tell you
I’d tell a tale sure to make you smile
If I had a wish that I could wish for you
I’d make a wish for sunshine all the while
Sunshine on my shoulders makes me happy
Sunshine in my eyes can make me cry
Sunshine on the water looks so lovely
Sunshine almost always makes me high
Sunshine almost all the time makes me high
Sunshine almost always
Vocabulary:
lovely: pretty, beautiful high: happy tale: story while: time
approximate: near but not exact The approximate time is 3:00. I don’t know exactly, but the approximate distance is 800 kilometers.
bulky: very large and hard to carry That piano is too bulky to move by yourself. A bulky package arrived just before her birthday.
capable: able to do something I don’t believe he’s capable of murder. She’s a capable mother of three.
eventual: happening slowly The eventual result of his smoking habit was lung cancer. His carelessness with money caused his eventual bankruptcy.
fortunate: lucky It was fortunate that you were there to help her. We all felt fortunate to meet the President.
humid: with water vapor in the air It’s not a good idea to exercise in hot, humid weather. It feels very humid after a storm.
intelligent: smart, quick to understand Your dog is pretty intelligent. She is highly intelligent, but not a genius.
jealous: wanting what someone else has He was jealous of his brother’s wealth. She was jealous of his relationship with his sister.
loyal: always ready to support (someone), faithful He is a loyal friend whom I’ve known for years. Dogs have been man’s loyal companions for thousands of years.
nude: without any clothes on, naked She stood in the doorway completely nude. At some beaches in the world, you can go nude.
particular: one and only, not general They have a particular interest in old movies. There’s a particular way she likes to brush her hair.
raw: uncooked The children love to eat raw carrots. He tries to eat as much raw food as possible.
Pronunciation Exercise: Listen and repeat the above vocabulary on the audio file below.
Use these flashcards to help you study.
When you think you’re ready, do the following exercise.
Conjunctions are words that are used to connect things. They are used to connect 2 or more nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs as well as independent clauses, adjective clauses,adverb clauses,noun clauses, prepositional phrases, infinitive phrases, andgerund phrases.
The most common conjunctions are and, but, or and so. We’ll look at these four first. The more advanced conjunctions are for, yetand nor, which we’ll look at later.
Let’s start with and, the most common conjunction, to see how it connects things. Sometimes both can be used with and but only with 2 single words such as nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs.
And connects:
2 independent clauses:
She likes living in her own apartment, and she enjoys the freedom.
Note: There’s a comma between the 2 clauses when there’s a subject (she) after and.
However, if there’s no subject after and, then there’s no comma. She likes living in her own apartmentandenjoys the freedom.
2 or more nouns:
Johnandhis sisterboth have red hair.
He plays basketball, soccer, hockeyandtennis.
(Note: There’s a comma ( , ) after each noun, but there’s no comma before and.)
2 or more verbs:
She eatsandtalksat the same time.
All he does is watchTV, playvideo games andsleep.
2 or more adjectives:
She is bothhardworkingandcreative.
He’s tall, thinandfast.
2 or more adverbs:
She works quickly andefficiently.
He went into battle boldly, swiftlyandforcefully.
2 or more adjective clauses:
She is a girl whose parents are richand whose trust fund is large.
He only buys thingsthat are uniqueandhave value.
2 adverb clauses:
They brush their teethafter they eat breakfast and before they go to bed. When I’m lonely and thinking about home, I phone my parents.
2 noun clauses:
What she saidand what I heard were two different things.
He planned where they were goingandwhat they would do.
2 or more prepositional phrases:
They’re giving away free samples in the mall and on the street.
He looked under the bed,in the closet and on top of the dresser.
2 infinitive phrases:
To understand the lectureand to take good notes, she had to concentrate. To stay up all night and study for the test, he had to drink several energy drinks.
2 gerund phrases:
Two of my favorite activities are staying up lateandwatching old movies. Playing in all the gamesandscoring the most points was the highlight of her year.
You can even connect 2 things that aren’t alike:
He did the job discretelyandwith finesse.
The man was strongandin a bad mood.
But connects things that are opposite or that don’t usually go together. When the second thing is negative, put but not.
Butconnects:
2 independent clauses:
I’m going to Chicago, but I don’t know anybody there. She likes actingbutalso wants to direct.
(Note: no comma before but because the subject she has been dropped in the second independent clause.)
2 nouns:
They like the beachbut not the water.
She knows a lot about literaturebut not poetry.
2 verbs:
I swimbut don’t dive.
She‘s here but doesn’t want to talk to you.
2 adjectives:
He’sstrong but not athletic.
The food was coldbutdelicious.
2 adverbs:
They did the job quicklybutwell.
She worked slowly but surely.
2 adjective clauses:
He’s a man who has lots of acquaintancesbutwho has no real friends.
She’s a person whose salary is highbutwhose work is easy.
2 adverb clauses:
Robert stayed home notbecause he felt a little sickbutbecause he had a test.
She came down to the kitchen before she brushed her teethbut notbefore she put on her makeup.
2 noun clauses:
She told him what she had planned but nothow she was going to do it.
He told mewhy he was leavingbut notwhere he was going.
2 prepositional phrases:
We checked in all the classrooms but not in the library.
We work from Monday to Thursdaybut not on Friday or the weekend.
2 infinitivephrases:
He went outside notto get some fresh air, butto have a cigarette.
I’m studying English not primarily to get into university butto be able to speak to my friends.
2 gerund phrases:
Going to bed earlybut notfalling asleep has been his problem for years. We like having partiesbut notcleaning up afterwards.
2 different things:
I writebut notvery well.
Iswimbutonly in swimming pools.
Or connects choices or possibilities. It is often used with either, whether, or if, which are put before the first choice or possibility.
Or connects:
2 independent clauses:
I want ice cream for dessert, ormaybe I’ll have some pie. She is either going to tell the truth,orshe’ll continue to lie.
2 nouns:
His friend is eithera teacheror a social worker. I forget. Rosesorcarnations would be an appropriate gift.
2 verbs:
Whether she passesorfails is her choice.
I couldn’t tell if he was jokingor being serious.
2 adjectives:
She can’t decide whether she’s angryoramused.
They’re eitherstupidornaive.
2 adverbs:
He picked the numbers skillfullyor, as my brother says, luckily.
She writes beautifullyorterribly, depending on how she feels.
2 adjective clauses:
That’s the city eitherwhere he was bornorwhere he went to school. I forget.
That’s the sort of news thateithermakes you very hopefulorthat makes you sad.
2 adverb clauses:
I lost my wallet eitherwhen I was in his officeorwhen I was in the cab coming home.
He got the job eitherbecause he was the best qualified or because he was related to the boss.
2 noun clauses:
What he said or what he meant to say is that he’s sorry. Where she lives or who she sees is none of your business.
2 prepositional phrases:
I left the keys either on the mantle or on the hall table.
We can drive on the road or off the road in this truck.
2 infinitive phrases:
Did you take this job to get rich or to help other people? To be patient or to be proactive is the choice you now have.
2 gerund phrases:
Their options were doing nothingortrying to solve the problem. Going out for dinnerormaking dinner at home are our choices.
2 different things:
She is lying eitherfor a good reasonorbecause she’s afraid.
He doesn’t read for the informationorto be entertained.
So connects a reason and a result.
So only connects:
2 independent clauses:
The weather report is for rain, sowe’ll have to cancel the picnic. Everyone arrived before 8:00, sothe meeting started on time.
(The first clause is the reason and the second clause is the result. You can also join these clauses with because.)
We’ll have to cancel the picnicbecause the weather report is for rain. The meeting started on timebecause everyone arrived before 8:00.
Now, let’s look at the last 3 conjunctions: for, yet and nor. They are more advanced connectors and not as often used as the first 4.
For connects results and reasons. It is used just like ‘because’, but it always has a comma before it. It is always used in the middle of the sentence, not at the beginning.
For only connects:
2 independent clauses:
I stayed away, for I was told that I wasn’t welcome.
He brought her flowers, for it was their anniversary that day.
[The first clause is the result; the second clause is the reason.]
You can also say:
He brought her flowers because it was their anniversary that day. Because it was their anniversary that day, he brought her flowers.
BUT never start a sentence with for.
Yet connects things that are opposite or that don’t usually go together. It is used just like ‘but‘, and can connect many things. Just like but, yet is sometimes used with not (yet not, yet he didn’t…) However, don’t confuse yet not with not yet, which means not at this time but later.
Yet connects:
2 independent clauses:
We’ve been working all morning, yetwe’re no closer to being done. She comes to class everydayyetdoesn’t do well on the tests.
[Note: no comma before yet because the subject she has been dropped in the second independent clause.]
2 verbs:
He studiesyetcontinues to get poor marks.
They went to bed, yet they didn’t fall asleep for yours.
2 adjectives:
We’re tiredyetanxious to finish this project.
The sofa was modernyetcomfortable.
2 adverbs:
He works quicklyyetcarefully.
They seem excitedyetafraid to get started.
2 adjective clauses:
It’s the kind of present that looks expensiveyetthat doesn’t cost too much.
That’s the city where I lived, yet notwhere I went to school.
2 adverb clauses:
He kissed her when he got homeyet notwhen she left in the morning.
He could watch TV after he came home yet not until he had finished his homework.
2 noun clauses:
What she said yet not what she meant was the topic of conversation.
He could eat what he wanted yet notwhen he wanted to.
2 prepositional phrases:
There was fire damage on the ceilingyet noton the walls.
He put the date on the calendaryet notin his smart phone where he usually puts such things.
2 infinitive phrases:
To work all dayyet to accomplish very little was frustrating.
They were allowed to speak to himyet notto look directly at him.
2 gerund phrases:
Studying for hoursyet notpassing the mid-term made him frustrated.
She prefers going to bed lateyetgetting up early the next day.
2 different things:
He likes drinking his coffee blackyetwith plenty of sugar.
She was in a good moodyet notready to listen to him.
Nor connects things that are negative. It is often used with neither. With two independent clauses nor requires the following verb to be inverted, just like a question. Also, nor is not followed by other negative words like not or never. With single words, nouns, verbs, etc., nor must be used with neither, which goes before the first of the two things connected.
Nor connects:
2 independent clauses:
I don’t like spaghetti, nordo I like lasagna.
[I don’t like spaghetti, and I don’t like lasagna.]
Note: do I like is the inverted and positive form of I (don’t) like.
She doesn’t waste her money, nordoes she waste her time.
[She doesn’t waste money, and she doesn’t waste time.]
Note: does she waste is the inverted and positive form of she (doesn’t) wait.
2 nouns:
NeitherJohnnorhis brother knew about the wedding.
He chose neither the Toyotanorthe Nissan.
2 verbs:
She neithersmokesnordrinks alcohol.
We neitherneednorwant your assistance.
2 adjectives:
They’re neitherrichnorpoor.
I’m neitherangrynordisappointed that you dropped out of school.
2 adverbs:
He fixed the sink neitherquicklynorcorrectly.
She studied neitherhardnorlong for the final exam.
Note: 2 adjective clausescannot be connected with nor.
2 adverb clauses:
She doesn’t hug him when he leavesnorwhen he gets home.
He doesn’t brush his teeth after he eatsnorbefore he goes to bed.
2 noun clauses:
He wouldn’t tell us what she said nor where she went.
She didn’t know where she was nor what time it was.
2 prepositional phrases:
His backpack wasn’t by the front door nor on the front porch.
She didn’t play sports in the fall nor in the winter.
2 infinitive phrases:
We didn’t want to get you too excited nor to frighten you.
Management didn’t want a gym for their own use nor for the use of the staff.
2 gerund phrases:
She doesn’t like writing lettersnorsending emails. Neitherapologizing to hernorsending her flowers had any effect.
2 different things:
She wouldn’t tell me her phone numbernorwhere she lived.
His essay was neither well writtennorin the correct format.
Sahar: I found out that Hossein hasn’t been on the level with me.
Natalia: What do you mean? Are you getting cold feet about marrying him?
Sahar: No it’s not that. I love him, but the other day I found some photos of him with a strange woman, and I’ve been a basket case ever since.
Natalia: Well you knew he had been around the block before you two got together. It was probably a photo of an old girlfriend.
Sahar: I don’t think so. We had a heart to heart last week, and I was completely above board with him about all my old boylfriends. The only old girlfriend he told me about was a blond, but the woman in the photo was a brunette.
Natalia: Although there’s a fine line between not telling the whole truth and lying, maybe he didn’t want to come cleanall at once. I’d give him some time if I were you.
Sahar: Okay. I hope you’re right. It would be a crying shame if the wedding were called off.
Vocabulary:
got together: became a couple a blond: a woman with blond hair brunette: a woman with brown hair all at once: immediately called off: cancelled
Idioms:
• have a minute have time to have a short talk.
• on one’s mind being thought about
• on the level telling the truth
• cold feet doubt about something you planned
• the other day a day not too long ago
• a basket case a person who is overly nervous or upset
• been around the block have had many experiences
• have a heart to heart have an emotional conversation
• above board totally honest, legally done
• a fine line not much of a difference
• come clean be totally truthful
• a crying shame too bad, a sad event
Notes:
Have a minute can also be have a second.
The opposite of above board is under the table when talking about something being illegal.
a basket case and in bad shape have the same meaning.
abundant: a lot, in great quantity Canada has an abundant supply of fresh water. At this time of year the river is abundant with salmon.
alike: similar, with few differences She thinks that all politicians are alike. All those cars look alike to me.
bright: filled with light The room was big and bright with floor to ceiling windows. You’ll need your sunglasses because it’s very bright outside.
casual: informal On the weekends they like to wear casual clothes. This is a casual company where everyone uses first names.
definite: clearly defined, known for sure It’s definite that Professor Wight is leaving at the end of this term. I need a definite answer by tomorrow morning.
energetic: full of energy, lively For a person in her eighties, she seems very energetic. I don’t want to go for a walk. I’m not feeling very energetic.
external: on the outside This medicine says it’s for external use only. This computer has an external hard drive.
feminine: of a female quality, like a woman Her deep voice is not very feminine. When she puts on a dress, it makes her feel more feminine.
internal: on the inside He was rushed to the hospital with internal bleeding. In that family there’s a lot of internal fighting.
logical: the result of good thinking That seems like a logical solution to our problem. Her logical mind told her that he was no good for her.
masculine: of a male quality, like a man He looks much more masculine with that beard. There are many masculine qualities other than strength.
vacant: empty, with nothing inside That building has been vacant for years. The community started a vegetable garden in the vacant lot.
Pronunciation Exercise: Listen and repeat the above vocabulary on the audio file below.
Use these flashcards to help you study.
When you think you’re ready, do the following exercise.
an American rock band from Los Angeles, California. This song, written and composed by Alex Band and Aaron Kamin, is from the group’s second album in 2004 titled Two.
Is there love, tonight
When everyone’s dreaming of a better life
In this world divided by fear
We’ve got to believe that there’s a reason we’re here
Yeah, there’s a reason we’re here, oh, yeah
‘Cause these are the days worth living
These are the years we’re given
And these are the moments
These are the times
Let’s make the best out of our lives
See the truth all around
Our faith can be broken
And our hands can be bound
Oh, but open our hearts and fill up the emptiness
With nothing to stop us, is it not worth the risk?
Yeah, is it not worth the risk? No, yeah
‘Cause these are the days worth living
These are the years we’re given
And these are the moments
These are the times
Let’s make the best out of our lives
And even if hope was shattered
I know it wouldn’t matter
‘Cause these are the moments
These are the times
Let’s make the best out of our lives
We can’t go on
Thinking it’s wrong
To speak our minds
I’ve got to let out what’s inside
Is there love, tonight
When everyone’s dreaming
Well, can we get it right?
Yeah, can we get it right?
‘Cause these are the days worth living
These are the years we’re given
And these are the moments
These are the times
Let’s make the best out of our lives
And even if hope was shattered
I know it wouldn’t matter
‘Cause these are the moments
These are the times
Let’s make the best out of our lives
Oh, yeah, let’s make the best out of our lives
Oh, yeah, let’s make the best out of our lives
Vocabulary:
’cause: because worth: have value for moments: short times make the best out of : do as well as possible with faith: belief bound: tied up risk: danger of failing shattered: broken into small pieces matter: be important speak our minds: say what we think get it right: do the right thing
To express necessity (something must be done) or obligation (someone must do something), you can use must, have to, have got to, need, or had better. Let’s look at these one at a time.
Must is a modal and is always followed by a verb in the simple form. The simple form is the infinitive without the ‘to’, for example: be, do, go, have.
Examples:
I mustremember to pick up my aunt at the airport this Friday. Must you always chew with your mouth open?
In the negative mustn’t (must not) and must never mean it is important that you don’t do it. It’s against the law, against the rules or against what you think is right.
Examples:
You mustn’tpark your car here.
You must neverlie to your mother.
Have to is another modal, and it is used the same way as must. There is no difference in meaning. Like must, have to is followed by a verb in the simple form.
Examples:
Everyone has tobe here on time tomorrow morning.
Everyone mustbe here on time tomorrow morning.
We have toset up the room for a meeting.
We mustset up the room for a meeting.
However don’t have to does not mean the same thing as must not. Don’t have to means that it is allowed but not necessary. There is no rule against it.
Examples:
You have a car, so you don’t have totake the bus anymore.
[You can take the bus if you want to, but it’s not necessary.]
[You cannot say: ‘You have a car, so you mustn’t take the bus anymore’ because it’s still allowed, and you can take the bus if you want to.]
You mustn’tforget to renew your driver’s license.
[It is necessary that you don’t forget.]
[It makes no sense to say: You don’t have to forget to renew your driver’s license. because you have no choice. You must remember.]
NOTE: English speakers also use can’tthe same as mustn’t.
Examples:
She can’ttalk to me like that. It’s disrespectful.
I’m sorry. You can’tskateboard in this park. It’s against the law.
Another difference between must and have to is that must is never used in the past. You must only use had to.
Examples:
The whole family had togo to the hospital after the accident.
She had tospeak to him before he left the city.
The last difference between must and have to is that must can never be used with another modal, but have to can.
Examples:
We mayhave toleave early today.
She willhave tocall me as soon as she arrives.
I wouldhave toask her where she was last night.
Have got to is just another way to say have to. It is mostly used in it’s contracted form ‘ve got to or ‘s got to. It is always followed by a verb in the simple form.
Examples:
I’ve got totell you that’s the best meal I’ve had in a long time.
She’s got tostart spending more time on her studies.
We’ve got toget up really early tomorrow morning.
Have got to is only used in the present or future but never in the past. In the past use had to only.
Example:
I’ve got to go now.
I’ve got togo there tomorrow.
I had togo there last weekend.
Need is another verb you can use for necessity. It can be used in different tenses but is always followed by the infinitive.
Examples:
If I needto contact you, what’s your number?
I neededto make her understand.
She has neededto visit her parents every year since they got married..
Had better is a little stronger than the others because it implies that something bad will happen if the person does not do it. It is only used in the present or future and is followed by a verb in the simple form. Sometimes the bad result is stated after or, but it’s often dropped because it’s not necessary to say.
Examples:
He’d betterremember to buy her something nice for her birthday, orshe’ll never speak to him again.
She had better be on time for her interview, orthere’s no way she’ll get the job.
You’d betterwash your hands after touching that fish. [oryou’ll get food poisoning.]
It’s after midnight. We’d better turn down the music. [orsomeone may call the police.]
Study this page again, and when you’re ready, do the following exercise.
two American superstars in the music world. This song was written by Stephen Schwart for the 1998 DreamWorks musical animated feature The Prince of Egypt.
Many nights we pray with no proof anyone could hear
In our heart’s a hopeful song we barely understood
Now we are not afraid although we know there’s much to fear
We were moving mountains long before we knew we could
Oh yes, there can be miracles when you believe
Though hope is frail, it’s hard to kill
Who knows what miracle you can achieve
When you believe, somehow you will
You will when you believe
In this time of fear when prayer so often proves in vain
Hope seems like the summer birds, too swiftly flown away
And now I’m standing here, my heart’s so full I can’t explain Seekingfaith and speaking words I never thought I’d say
There can be miracles when you believe (when you believe)
Though hope is frail, it’s hard to kill
Who knows what miracles you can achieve (you can achieve)
When you believe, somehow you will
You will when you believe
They don’t always happen when you ask and
And it’s easy to give in to your fear
But when you’re blinded by your pain
Can’t see your way safe through the rain
Thought of a still resilient voice says love is very near
There can be miracles (miracles)
When you believe (when you believe)
Though hope is frail, it’s hard to kill (hard to kill)
Who knows what miracles you can achieve (you can achieve)
When you believe, somehow you will (somehow, somehow, somehow) Somehow you will, you will when you believe
You will when you believe
You will when you believe
Just believe
You will, you will
Just believe
You will, when you believe
Vocabulary:
pray: talk to God proof: something that says that something else is true barely: hardly, only a little miracles: good results that come as if by magic frail: weak achieve: do, make real somehow: in some unknown way prayer: words to God in vain: useless swiftly: quickly seeking faith: looking for the ability to believe give in: stop fighting blinded: unable to see or know anything way: journey rain: problems in your life resilient: lasting, still there
David: I just got a job in the bookstore, and now I’ve got a head start on saving for next term.
Grace: What a lucky break. I’m so happy for you.
David: Thanks. I’m rather proud of myself. When I heard about the job opening, I didn’t drag my feet. I got right over there and filled out an application.
Grace: I don’t have time for a job. I have a full plate with six courses this term, and I can tell you it’s nobed of roses.
David: It sure isn’t. When I got the call this morning that I had the job it was music to my ears. When tuition went up last term, my parents went through the roof. They are trying to save for my younger sister’s education, too, so this job fits the bill.
Grace: So far I’m okay with my scholarship, but if worse comes to worst and my marks aren’t good enough, I could lose it.
David: If that happened, you’d be in dire straits, and you’d have to make time for a job.
Grace: Yes. I’d have to start pulling my own weight.
David: Don’t worry about that now. If things change I know you can go with the flow.
Vocabulary:
rather: very over there: to that place courses: classes over a semester call: phone call tuition: money to pay for classes term: semester scholarship: free money that pays for your education
Idioms:
• a head start an earlier-than-normal start
• a lucky break a change in one’s luck for the better
• drag one’s feet take a long time to do something
• a full plate a busy schedule, a lot to do
• no bed of roses not an easy time
• music to one’s ears good news
• go through the roof get very upset
• fit the bill be everything that’s needed
• if worse comes to worstif the worst thing happens
• in dire straits in a very bad situation
• pull one’s own weight work as hard as everyone else
• go with the flow easily change when the situation changes
Notes:
Pull one’s own weight can be shortened to pull one’s weight.